Plant Family Apocynaceae

Apocynaceae Description Distribution A family of 300 genera and nearly 2000 species distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, represented in Pakistan by 6 native genera (with 6 species) and 13 cultivated genera (with 20 species). Detailed DescriptionTrees, shrubs or twiners, sometimes herbs, with milky juice. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate or spiral, simple, entire, sometimes glandular on the entire midrib or at the base of the .midrib, stipulate or exstipulate. Inflorescence axillary or of terminal dichasial cymes or racemes. Flowers bisexual, regular, bracteate or apparently ebracteate. Calyx- (4-)

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Plant Family Annonaceae

Annonaceae Description

Distribution: A family of about 120 genera and 2100 species, distributed mainly in the tropics of Old and New World, usually at lower altitudes; represented by 4 genera and 6 species in Pakistan, all except Miliusa are cultivated.
Detailed DescriptionTrees, shrubs or rarely woody climbers, often aromatic; indumentum (if present) of simple or stellate hairs or sc

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Plant Family Anacardiaceae

Anacardiaceae  Description Distribution: A tropical family of 55 genera and c. 500 species occurring in the Mediterranean region, S.W., C. & E. Asia and America. Represented in Pakistan by 8-9 genera and c. 23 species, of which half the taxa are cultivated, the commonest of these being the edible mango (Mangifera indica) and the pepper tree (Schinus molle). Detailed Description  Trees or shrubs, often polygamo-dioecious or monoecious and with an acrid or milky juice. Leaves us

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Plant Family Amaryllidaceae

Amaryllidaceae Description Distribution A family of over 80 genera and 1000 species. Represented in Pakistan by 3 wild genera and 4 species. Besides these many other species are cultivated in Pakistan for their attractive flowers. Detailed Description Plants with bulbs, corms or rhizomes. Leaves radical or cauline; linear to lanceolate. Flowers on a scape or on the main stem in clusters o

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Plant Family Amaranthaceae

Amaranthaceae DescriptionDistribution  A large and almost exclusively tropical family of some 65 genera and over 1000 species, including many cosmopolitan “weeds” and a large number of xerophytic plants. Description Annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs, rarely scandent. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, exstipulate, entire or almost so. Inflorescence a dense head, loose or spike-like thyrse, spike, raceme or panicle, basically cy

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Plant Family Alismataceae

Alismataceae Description General/Distribution A cosmopolitan family of 12 genera and about 90 species. Only 4 genera and 8 species are reported from West Pakistan .Detailed DescriptionAnnual or perennial, amphibious herbs with laticiferous ducts. Rhizome mostly stout, short, with adventitious fibrous root

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Plant Family Alliaceae

Alliaceae DescriptionDistribution A family of 30 genera and about 700 species. Represented in Pakistan by one genus, Allium. Most workers include the family Alliaceae in Liliaceae or some in Amaryllidaceae but it is better placed separately. Deatiled d

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Plant Family Alangiaceae

Alangiaceae Description General/DistributionA small uni generic family, chiefly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australia. Detail DescriptionTrees and shrubs, usually unarmed. Leaves alternate, petiolate, exstipulate. Inflorescence many-flowered axillary cyme. Flowers small, often fragrant, bisexual, actinomorphic, epigynous, bracteate. Sepals 4-10, united into a more or less truncate or 4-10 toothed tube, persistent. Petals 4-10, free rarely united at the base, linear-oblong. Stamens 4-40, free or slightly united at the base, sometimes adnate to petals, filaments short, arising from disc, often villous inside. Disc conspicuous, enlarged and cupular, rarely absent. Carpels 2-3, syncarpous; ovary adnate to the calyx tube; style simple, filiform, with simple or 2-3 lobed, capitate or clavate stigma. Fruit an ellipsoid-globose, flattened drupe crowned by sepals and disc. Seed oblong, endospermous.

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Plant Family Aizoaceae

Aizoaceae Martinov Description
General/Distribution
 A family of 128 genera and c. 1170 species, many of which are cultivated. S. and tropical Africa, S. America, W. Indies, Mediterranean and tropical Asia. Represented here by 8 species.
Description
Annual or perennial herbs or small shrubs. Leaves fleshy or scale-like, opposite or alternate,

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Family Agavaceae

Agavaceae Dumort. description. General/Distribution  A tropical and subtropical family with 20 genera and c. 670 species mostly in the New World. Agave species are cultivated for their fibres, used in making ropes, mats etc. Some other species are cultivated for ornamental purposes. Represented in Pakistan by 6 naturalized or cultivated genera, 4 of

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Adoxaceae Plant Family

Adoxaceae E. Mey DescriptionGeneral/Distribution: The family had been considered as monotypic, but quite recently Wu Cheng-Yi (in Acta Bot. Yunnanica 34:383-388, t. 1-2. 1981) has described two new Chinese genera-Tetradoxa C.Y. Wu and Sinadoxa C.Y. Wu.Acknowledgements: The family's systematic position is doubtful. It was previously included in the Caprifoliaceae by Clarke (in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 3:1.1880), from which it differs in the split stamens, semi-inferior ovary, 3-5-parted style and the general habit of the plant. Clarke (op. cit.) related the genus Adoxa to Chrysosplenium (Saxifragaceae). Willis (1973, ed. 8. Diet. Flow. Pl. & Ferns) is of the view that the family bears some resemblance to the Araliaceae, which it resembles in the inconspicuous flowers, semi-inferior ovary and the pendulous ovules. The present view is that family Adoxaceae is best placed between the families Caprifoliaceae and Valerianaceae. DescriptionSmall perennial, rhizomatous herbs. Leaves exstipulate; radical biternate, long petioled; cauline solitary or two; 3-foliolate. Flowers up to 5 in number. small, greenish, bisexual, in condensed cymose clusters. Calyx 2-3-lobed. Corolla 4-6-lobed. Stamens 4-5, epipetalous, alternating with the corolla lobes and apparently double their number, due to the deeply divided filaments; anthers monothecous. Carpels (2-)3-5, syncarpous. Ovary semi-inferior, with one pendulous ovule in each loculus. Fruit a drupe. Floral FormulaAdoxaceae (Adoxa) B[K2C4A4 2] _ [K3C5A5 2]G-(2)-Lower Taxa Adoxa L. !Sambucus L. !Viburnum L.

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Family Aceraceae or Sapindaceae Discription

Aceraceae Juss. in Pakistan The maple family (Aceraceae) and Sapindaceae recently been added to same Sapindaceae family. General/Distribution: A bigeneric family of temperate North America, N.W. Africa, Europe, Asia and Indonesia. Acer is found in Pakistan. The other genus, Dipteronia, is endemic to central China.Description of Aceraceae Trees or shrubs, usually deciduous, rarely evergreen. Leaves simple or compound, opposite, palmately lobed or unlobed-penninerved; petiole bases meeting but not perfoliate, usually exstipulate. Inflorescence corymbose, fasciculate or racemose, lateral or terminal on leafy or leafless shoots. Flowers actinomorphic, perfect or unisexual, rarely dioecious. Sepals and petals 4-5, rarely absent. Stamens 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12, inserted inside or outside the disc. Ovary bicarpellate, transversely compressed, bilocular, each locule biovulate; stigma usually bifurcate, rarely absent. Fruit a geminate samara; mericarps indehiscent. Floral Diagram

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Acanthaceae Discription

General/Distribution: A large family of nearly 250 genera and 2500 species, distributed mainly in the tropics and extending to Mediterranean, Australia and Southern U.S.A. In Pakistan it is represented by 18 genera and 60 specific and infra-specific taxa; of which 44 are native.

Description Perennial sometimes annual, suffrutescent, armed or unarmed herbs or shrubs, rarely climbers or small trees. Leaves exstipulate, usually simple, opposite-decussate, entire or undulate-dentate, rarely crenate-dentate or lobed, mostly with cystoliths on the upper surface, petiolate or sessile. Flowers commonly in dichasial cymes becoming monochasial, often in dense to lax spikes, racemes, panicles, sometimes fasciculate or verticilate, rarely solitary; sessile or pedicellate, bisexual, hypogynous, usually zygomorphic; bracts 1,2 or more, often coloured, frequently large, imbricate, persistent, rarely absent. Calyx usually gamosepalous, persistent, 4-5-lobed, lobes valvate or imbricate, sometimes spinescent or reduced to truncate or 10-15-dentate minute tube. Corolla gamopetalous, tube cylindrical or ventricose, the limb of 5, subequally spreading lobes or strongly 2-lipped; upper lip erect or suberect, entire or 2-fid rarely absent or fimbriate; the lower lip more spreading, 3-fid or 3-lobed, lobes imbricate or controrted. Stamens 4 and didynamous or 2, epipetalous, ascending below the upper lip; anthers dorsifixed, usually unequal in a stamen pair, dithecous or monothecous, thecae parallel, divergent or superposed, appendaged or bearded, longitudinally dehiscent; stamindodes 0-1-3. Ovary conical or oblong-cylindric, bicarpellate, syncarpous, superior, sessile or minutely stipitate, bilocular, placentation axile, rarely parietal, ovules 2-10 (-many) in each locule, in 1 or 2 vertical rows, rarely collateral, anatropous; style simple, filiform stigmas 1 or 2 minute. Fruits a bivalved, 2-loculed, clavate to elliptic-ovoid or oblong-cylindric, terete or compressed, usually ± stipitate capsule, elastically dehiscent from apex downwards, rarely drupaceous. Seeds mostly flattened and lenticular or discoid rarely globose or angular, borne on retinacula or papillae, testa smooth, rugose, echinate, tuberculate, glochidiate, appressed hairy or papillate, embryo with scanty or no endosperm.

 Floral diagram 
Key 

1.            Calyx truncate or obscurely 10-16-toothed. Capsule globose below, abruptly beaked in the upper part. Plants climbing or twining. [cultivated]

1.            Calyx not truncate, usually deeply 4-5-lobed . capsule oblong, ovoid or ellipsoid, basally stipitate or not. Plants erect, prostrate to procumbent or straggling. [wild or cultivated]

2.            Corolla one-lipped, the upper lip absent or rudimentary, indurated

2.            Corolla 2-lipped or subequally 5-lobed, not indurated

3.            Corolla deeply to shallowly 2-lipped

4.            Fertile stamens 4

5.            Bracts spinescent or sharply acute

5.            Bracts not spinescent or sharply acute

6.            Cystoliths absent. Anthers monothecous, dorsally hairy. Seeds on papilliform funicles.

6.            Cystoliths present. Anthers dithecous; thecae equal, glabrous. Seeds on hooked retinacula

4.            Fertile stamens 2

7.            Staminodes present

8.            Flowers in axillary fascicles or terminal dense heads. Bracts leafy

8.            Flowers in terminal or axillary panicles. Bracts not leafy [cultivated]

7.            Staminodes absent

9.            Bracts partially united at the base, Capsule elastically dehiscent

Dicliptera

9.            Bracts free at the base. Capsules not elastically dehiscent

10.          Flowers mostly in trichotomously branched lax panicles of cymes

10.          Flowers mostly in congested spikes or panicles, sometimes solitary or in thyrsoid cymes

3.            Corolla subequally 5-lobed

11.          Fertile stamens 2. Staminodes 2

12.          Calyx 4-lobed, lobes imbricate

12.          Calyx 5-lobed, lobes valvate or contorted

13.          Corolla tube uniformly cylindrical, lobes contorted or twisted. Bracts small and inconspicuous

13.          Corolla tube cylindrical below, ventricose above, lobes valvate. Bracts large and conspicuous.[cultivated]

11.          Fertile stamens 4. Staminodes absent

14.          Bracts present

14.          Bracts present

15.          Calyx deeply 4-lobed, lobes clearly unequal, outer pair much larger than the inner. Bracts ciliate or spinescent

15.          Calyx 5-lobed, lobes equal or slightly unequal. Bracts neither ciliate nor spinescent

16.          Bracts 4-ranked, imbricated

17.          Stamens included; anthers monothecous, sterile cell bearded throughout. Capsule 4-seeded. [cultivated]

17.          Stamens very slightly protruding; anthers dithecous, both thecae fertile, glabrous. Capsule 6-20-seeded

16.          Bracts neither 4-ranked, imbricated

18.          Corolla lobes imbricate. Anther cells unequal. [cultivated]

18.          Corolla lobes twisted or contorted. Anther cells equal

19.          Anthers bristle-tipped and sagittate at the bases. Capsule 2 or 4-seeded, elastically dehiscent

19.          Anthers neither bristle-tipped nor sagittate, basally muticous. Capsule 4-20-seeded, not elastically dehiscent

20.          Leaves entire

21.          Bracts inconspicuous, usually linear, Capsule more than 8-seeded

21.          Bracts solitary, leafy. Capsule 4-8-seeded

20.          Leaves crenate or toothed

22.          Ovary 8-

22.          Ovary 4-8-ovuled. Flowers in axillary or terminal, interrupted spikes or panicles or capitate heads

Lower Taxa

!Acanthodium Delile

!Acanthus L.

Adhatoda Mill.

Aechmanthera Nees

Aphelandra R. Br.

Asteracantha Nees

!Asystasia Blume

Avicennia L.

!Barleria L.

Barleriacanthus Oerst.

Barlerites Oerst.

Beloperone Nees

!Blepharis Juss.

Crossandra Salisb.

Daedalacanthus T. Anderson  = Eranthemum L.

!Dianthera L.

!!Dicliptera Juss.

Dipteracanthus Nees  = Ruellia L.

!Eranthemum L.

Erianthera Nees

Gendarussa Nees

Graptophyllum Nees

Hemiadelphis Nees

Hemigraphis Nees

Hexacentris Nees

!Hygrophila R. Br.

!Jacobinia Moric.

!Justicia L.

!Lepidagathis Willd.

!Meyenia Nees

!Peristrophe Nees

Petalidium Nees

Pseudaechmanthera Bremek.

Pteracanthus (Nees) Bremek.

Rhaphidospora Nees

*Rostellaria Nees

Rostellularia Rchb.

!Ruellia L.

Sericographis Nees

!Strobilanthes Blume

!Thunbergia Retz.

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Plant Families of Pakistan

Following plant families are present in Pakistan

Acanthaceae Juss.
Aceraceae Juss.
Adoxaceae E. Mey.
Agavaceae Dumort.
Aizoaceae Martinov
Alangiaceae DC.
Alismataceae Vent.
Alliaceae Borkh.
Amaranthaceae Juss.
Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil.
Anacardiaceae R. Br.
Annonaceae Juss.
Apocynaceae Juss.
Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Araceae Juss.
Araliaceae Juss.
Araucariaceae Henkel & W. Hochst.
Aristolochiaceae Juss.
Asclepiadaceae Borkh.
Asparagaceae Juss.
Asphodelaceae Juss.
Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl
Averrhoaceae Hutch.
Avicenniaceae Miq.
Balanophoraceae Rich.
Balsaminaceae A. Rich.
Basellaceae Raf.
Begoniaceae C. Agardh
Berberidaceae Juss.
Betulaceae Gray
Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl.
Bignoniaceae Juss.
Bombacaceae Kunth
Boraginaceae Juss.
Brassicaceae Burnett
Buddlejaceae K. Wilh.
Burseraceae Kunth
Butomaceae Mirb.
Buxaceae Dumort.
Caesalpiniaceae R. Br.
Callitrichaceae Link
Campanulaceae Juss.
Cannabaceae Martinov
Cannaceae Juss.
Caprifoliaceae Juss.
Caricaceae Dumort.
Caryophyllaceae Juss.
Casuarinaceae R. Br.
Celastraceae R. Br.
Ceratophyllaceae Gray  Chenopodiaceae Vent.   Cistaceae Juss.   Colchicaceae DC.   Combretaceae R. Br.   Commelinaceae Mirb.   Convallariaceae Horan.   Convolvulaceae Juss.   Coriariaceae DC.   Cornaceae Bercht. ex J. Presl   Corylaceae Mirb.   Crassulaceae J. St.-Hil.   Cucurbitaceae Juss.   Cupressaceae Gray   Cuscutaceae Dumort.   Cycadaceae Pers.   Cynomoriaceae Endl. ex Lindl.  (Description) Cyperaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Datiscaceae Dumort.  (Description) Dilleniaceae Salisb.  (Description) Dioscoreaceae R. Br.  (Description) Dipsacaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Ebenaceae Gürke  (Description) Elaeagnaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Elatinaceae Dumort.  (Description) Ephedraceae Dumort.  (Description) Ericaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Eriocaulaceae Martinov  (Description) Euphorbiaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Fagaceae Dumort.  (Key, Description) Flacourtiaceae Rich. ex DC.  (Key, Description) Frankeniaceae Desv.  (Description) Fumariaceae Marquis  (Key, Description) Gentianaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Geraniaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Ginkgoaceae Engl.  (Description) Goodeniaceae R. Br.  (Description) Grossulariaceae DC.  (Description) Guttiferae Juss.  (Description) Haemodoraceae R. Br.  (Key, Description) Hamamelidaceae R. Br.  (Description) Hemerocallidaceae R. Br.  (Description) Hippocastanaceae A. Rich.  (Description) Hippuridaceae Vest  (Description) Hyacinthaceae Batsch ex Borkh.  (Key, Description) Hydrangeaceae Dumort.  (Description) Hydrocharitaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Hydrophyllaceae R. Br.  (Description) Illecebraceae R. Br.  (Key, Description) Iridaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Iteaceae J. Agardh  (Description) Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb  (Key, Description) Juncaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Juncaginaceae Rich.  (Description) Labiatae Juss.  (Key, Description) Lardizabalaceae R. Br.  (Key, Description) Lauraceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Lecythidaceae A. Rich.  (Key, Description) Lemnaceae Martinov  (Key, Description) Lentibulariaceae Rich.  (Description) Leonticaceae Airy Shaw  (Key, Description) Liliaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Linaceae DC. ex Perleb  (Key, Description) Loranthaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Lythraceae J. St.-Hil.  (Key, Description) Magnoliaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Malpighiaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Malvaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Martyniaceae Horan.  (Description) Meliaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Menispermaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Menyanthaceae Dumort.  (Key, Description) Mimosaceae R. Br.  (Key, Description) Molluginaceae Bartl.  (Key, Description) Monotropaceae Nutt.  (Description) Moraceae Gaudich.  (Key, Description) Morinaceae Raf.  (Description) Moringaceae Martinov  (Description) Musaceae Juss.  (Description) Myrsinaceae R. Br.  (Key, Description) Myrtaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Najadaceae Juss.  (Description) Nelumbonaceae A. Rich.  (Description) Neuradaceae Kostel.  (Description) Nyctaginaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Nymphaeaceae Salisb.  (Description) Olacaceae R. Br.  (Description) Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link  (Key, Description) Onagraceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Orchidaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Orobanchaceae Vent.  (Key, Description) Oxalidaceae R. Br.  (Description) Paeoniaceae Raf.  (Description) Palmae Juss.  (Key, Description) Pandanaceae R. Br.  (Description) Papaveraceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Papilionaceae Giseke  (Key, Description) Parnassiaceae Martinov  (Description) Pedaliaceae R. Br.  (Key, Description) Philadelphaceae Martinov  (Description) Phrymaceae Schauer  (Description) Phytolaccaceae R. Br.  (Key, Description) Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi  (Key, Description) Pittosporaceae R. Br.  (Description) Plantaginaceae Juss.  (Description) Platanaceae T. Lestib.  (Description) Plumbaginaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Poaceae Barnhart  (Key, Description) Podophyllaceae DC.  (Description) Polemoniaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link  (Description) Polygonaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Pontederiaceae Kunth  (Key, Description) Portulacaceae Juss.  (Description) Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J. Presl  (Description) Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh.  (Key, Description) Proteaceae Juss.  (Description) Punicaceae Bercht. & J. Presl  (Description) Pyrolaceae Lindl.  (Key, Description) Ranunculaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Resedaceae Martinov  (Key, Description) Rhamnaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Rhizophoraceae Pers.  (Key, Description) Rosaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Rubiaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Ruppiaceae Horan.  (Description) Ruscaceae M. Roem.  (Description) Rutaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Sabiaceae Blume  (Key, Description) Salicaceae Mirb.  (Key, Description) Salvadoraceae Lindl.  (Description) Santalaceae R. Br.  (Description) Sapindaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Sapotaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Saxifragaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Simaroubaceae DC.  (Key, Description) Smilacaceae Vent.  (Description) Solanaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Sonneratiaceae Engl.  (Description) Sparganiaceae Hanin  (Description) Sphenocleaceae T. Baskerv.  (Description) Staphyleaceae Martinov  (Description) Sterculiaceae Vent.  (Key, Description) Symplocaceae Desf.  (Description) Tamaricaceae Link  (Key, Description) Taxaceae Gray  (Description) Taxodiaceae Saporta  (Description) Thymelaeaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Tiliaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Trapaceae Dumort.  (Description) Trilliaceae Chevall.  (Key, Description) Typhaceae Juss.  (Description) Ulmaceae Mirb.  (Key, Description) Umbelliferae Juss.  (Key, Description) Urticaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Vahliaceae Dandy  (Description) Valerianaceae Batsch  (Key, Description) Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil.  (Key, Description) Violaceae Batsch  (Description) Vitaceae Juss.  (Key, Description) Zamiaceae Horan.  (Description) Zannichelliaceae Chevall.  (Description) Zingiberaceae Martinov  (Key, Description) Zygophyllaceae R. Br.  (Key, Description)

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